Bibliography

___"Cardinal (bird) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 June 2010. .

___"File:Red-knobbed.starfish.arp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons." Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 June 2010. .

___"Natural History Collections: Evolution of the Minor Phyla." Natural History Collections: Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 June 2010.
___Postlethwait, John, and Janet Hopson. Holt Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehart And Winston, 2006. Print.

___"Transition Elements." Test Page for Apache Installation. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 June 2010. .

Item 70 (Cardinal)

70. Our mascot, the cardinal, is classified into the genus Paroaria. It is a species of bird with the latin name, Cardinalidae.

Item 52 (Plant-like protist)

52. This protist is a member of the genus, Euglena. It maintains homeostasis through its contractile vacuoles which expells excess water. Active transport uses cell energy to move materials of lower concentration to higher concentration. Passive transport allows substances to move across membranes without any input of energy from the cell.

Item 51 (Animal-like protist)

51. This is a paramecia. I calculated the magnification by using a microscope that by itself had a 10X magnification and I used the addition magnification setting of 40X. I know that 10X4= 400, therefore 400X magnification.

Item 68 (Sushi)

68. Crab, crayfish, and lobster all have teeth in their stomach. This is called a gastric mill. With this digestive system, food passes through the esophagus to the stomach where the teeth made of chitin and calcium carbonate grind the food into a paste. Here is a picture of sushi with crab inside of it. Or, according to the label, "imitation crab".

Item 42 (Evidence)

Item 38 (Sponge)

38. A sponge is asymmetrical. Well this one comes from the kitchen sink rather than the Ocean floor, but I hope it still works.
Asymmetrical- When animal lacks consistant pattern of structure.
Radial Symmetry- Parts of animal are organized around in a circle around an axis.
Bilateral Symmetry- When there are two similar halves on either side of a central plane of the animal..

Items 17, 18, 26 (Moss)

17. A plant showing both a sporophyte and a gametophyte woud be moss.
A sporophyte would be a diploid at the first phase of a plant life cycle that produces spores.
A gametophyte is a haploid that is at the second plase of plant life that produces egg and sperm.

18. Moss have no roots. They have tiny cellular threads called rhizoids. You can see these labeled in the diagram above.



26. The common name for bryophyte is moss. The specific epithet is bryophyta.

Item 24 (Pine Tree)

24. The common name for a gymnosperm is a Pine Tree. The specific epithet is a coniferophyte.

Items 27, 56 (Fern)

27. I believe the common name for this fern is a sword fern. The specific epithet is pteridophyta.

56. The structure that I found that contains xylem and phloem is a leaf of a fern. Xylem and phloem are found in any vascular plant. I know that ferns are vascular because they have roots and a stem. This leaf of the fern measure at 2 and 5/8 in.

Item 20, 32 (Salt water)

20. Because the salt water has a higher concentration of solute than the plant cell, the water is hypertonis. Water would exit out into the salt water from the plant cell through osmosis until bith reach equilibrium.

32. Archaebacteria (Domain Bacteria) inhabit surfurous hot springs, deep sea thermal vents, salty lakes, wastewater from mining or intestines of some animals. Here, I have hot water which I mixed salt into. This is my artificial representation of sulfurous hot springs or a salty lake.

Item 33 (Protein Synthesis)

Item 15, 16, 32 (DNA)

32.

15. DNA Polymerases are enzymes that add complementary nucleotide found floating freely inside nucleus to duplicate DNA.



16. DNA has hydrogen bonds. You can see them labeled in the diagram above.

Item 49 (Animal Cell)

49. A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell because it has membrane bound organelles such as the mitochondria. The prokaryotic cell also lacks a nucleus.

Item 50 (Plant Cell)

50. A eukaryotic plant cell is different from a eukaryotic animal cell in a few ways. First of all, a plant cell has a large central vacuole. Also, unlike an animal cell, a plant cell has a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Items 14, 59, 71 (M&Ms)

14. Sucrose found in M&Ms. It is a compound with three elements. The common name for sucrose is table sugar. The chemical formula for sucrose is C12H22O6.

59. Autotrophs convert sun energy into carbohydrates using photosynthesis. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use carbohydrates for energy. Energy is stored in carbohydrates. A type of carbohydrate is glucose. You would find glucose in this big bag of M&Ms.

71. Phenylethylamine is found in chocolate! A sample of this is a 52 oz. bag of M&M's. Yes, that's what we buy in our family:)

Item 65 (Starfish)

65. A starfish has radial symmetry. (I took this picture of a picture off the internet)
No Symmetry- Lacks consistent pattern of structure.
Radial Symmetry- Parts of organism are organized in a circle around an axis.
Bilateral symmetry- Organisms with two similar halves on each side of a central plane.

Item 48 (Punnet Square)

48. The color in pea plant has purple as dominant.
The capital "P" for the heterozygous pea plant stands for a dominant allele. The lower case "p" stands for a recessive allele. When there is at least one dominant allele in the pair, the phenotype is purple. When both alleles are recessive, the phenotype is white.

Item 62, 63 (Karyotype)

62. This karyotype would be from a male. I know this because it has one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome. When there is an X and a Y chromosome, it is a male. If it were two X-chromosomes, it would be female.

63. Down Syndrome is caused when there is three rather that two chromosome 21. This is caused by non-disjuntion which is when a chromosome fails to separate from it homologue during meiosis and one gamete receives and extra copy of a chromosome and another gamete is missing one.

Item 61 (DNA sequence)

61. The sequence of amino acids, written out in order, that corresponds to this sequence of DNA;
TAC CTC GTA TTG ATC =
AUG GAG CAU AAC UAG

Item 69 (Frog)

69. All reptiles and amphibians have a three-chambered heart. The one shown in the picture, is actually printed on a shower curtain, so it doesn't really have a heart at all. Three-chambered hearts assures that blood will always pass to the lungs and back to the heart. It's said to not be as efficient as a four-chambered heart, but works fine for the environment in which reptiles and amphibians live in.

Items 1, 19, 21, 28, 55 (Water-Algae)

1. Water is a polar molecule. You can see water in my really dirty pool. Polar compounds have an uneven distribution of charge. In water, the oxygen atom has a negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a positive charge.


19. My pool water would be hypotonic to the plant cell because it has a lower concentration of solute molecules. The water would diffuse into the plant cell through osmosis.


21. Chlorophyta is a plant like protist. The common name for this is green algae. You can see green algae in my very dirty pool. Chlorophyta is unicellular, colonial, multicellular, it contain chlorophylls, and chloroplast similar to those in plants. It is a volvox.

28. My pool water is a hypotonic solution. Well maybe not as much as it was once... I assume though that if I were to put in a carrot in this water, the carrot would absorb water and become more crisp because the water has a lower concentration of molecule. The water would diffuse into the carrot through osmosis.

55. Water has high specific heat and surface tension. High specific heat is important to living things because it absorbs or release large amounts of energy with only slightly changing the temperature of the water. Therefore on hot days, water absorbs heat energy, cooling down the air. Then at night, it releases the energy and increases the temperature of the air. This way the oceans stabilize the temperatures of the world so life can exist.

Item 12 (Mitosis)

Item 7, 44 (Ring)

7. This ring is made of Gold. I hope this still counts, because I'm sure it's mixed with other material, but when I asked my dad, he said, "Ah, it's all gold."
Symbol- AU
Atomic Number- 79
Atomic Mass- 197
Protons- 79
Neutrons- 118
Electrons- 79

44. Gold is a transition element. In one atom, it has 79 protons, 118 neutrons, and 79 electrons.

Item 9 (The elements)

Items 8, 30 (Yeast-Fungi)

8. Yeast carries out anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration breaks down pyruvic acid and releases CO2. This process uses no oxygen. A product is ethyl alcohol.


30. Yeast is a fungus. Histoplasm capsulatum normally grows as mycelium but in increased heat, it grow unicellularly as a yeast.

Item 58 (Chloro-Mito)

- Both the chloroplast and the mitochondria have an inner and an outer membrane.
- The both contain DNA.

Item 64 (Coelom)

64. A worm has a coelom.

Items 2, 5,11, 29, 36, 37, 41, 45, 60, 66 (Lilee)

2. The biomolecule in a phospholipid bilayer is a lipid. Lipids can be found in animal fat. An example of this would be my fatty dog, Lilee.

______________Structural formula of Lipid^


5. Amino acids make up the hair or fur of my dog, Lilee. An amino acid is a molecule containing a carboxyl and an amino group that makes protein. Amino acids compose the biomolecule, protein.

__________Structural formula of Protein^



11. My dog, Lilee, uses aerobic respiration. I know this because Lilee breathes in oxygen. When pyruvic acids meet oxygen, it undergoes aerobic respiration.
The first stage of aerobic respiration is Krebs cycle. This produces CoA, CO2, NADH, ATP, FADH2, and H. The second and last stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. This produces NAD+, FAD, H+, lots of ATP, and 2H2O.

29. My dog is an amniote. If she were to become pregnant, her puppies would be encased in an amnio, a yolk sac, an allantois, and a chorian. All of these help protect her puppies. This goes the same for all reptiles, birds, and mammals who are also amniotic.

36. My dog, Lilee, is alive!! The six straits of a living organism are;
(1) They are made of cells.
(2) They use energy.
(3) They grow and develop.
(4) They reproduce.
(5) They respond to their environment.
(6) They adapt to their environment.

37. An animal that went through deuterostome development is Lilee. Animals that go through this process undergo radial cleavage. An embryonic blastopore develops into an anus whereas, its mouth develops from a second opening at the opposite end of the archenteron.

41. Ribosomes are small, spherical organelles that build protein. Proteins make up structures such as fur on animals like my dog, Lilee.

45. Multicellular is when an organism consists of more than one cell. I know that Lilee is multicellular because she is a living organism and all living organisms are made of cells.


60. ATP provides energy to both autotrophs and heterotrophs, like my dog, Lilee. Energy is released from ATP when a covalent bond between the phosphate groups are broken. In the structure to the left, you can see P's with circles around them. Those stand for a phosphate group.

66. My dog is a member of the Phylum Chordata. All Chordates have;
(1)A dorsal which is a hollow nerve chord.
(2) A notochord.
(3) A tail that extends beyond the anus.
(4) Pharyngeal pouches.

Items 6, 10, 25, 35 (Flower)

6. Flowers use photosynthesis. The source of energy in photosynthesis is SUNLIGHT!!

Sketch of the chloroplast which is where photosynthesis occurs.^



10. Flowers contain C55H73O5N4Mg. This is the chemical formula for chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is what makes photosynthesis possible. It's what makes plants green! It's what converts light into energy.

25. The common name for angiosperms is a flower plant. The specific epithet is anthophyta.

35. The ovary of a plant is the enlarges pistil. A pistil is one or more carpals fused together. A carpal is the flower's reproductive system. The ovary is labeled to the left.